Privacy on Internet Essay - 1587 Words

David Gallo Ms. Snellings English III April 1st, 2012 Internet Privacy Essay With the internet gaining such popularity, privacy has become a thing of the past. People have come to accept that strangers can view personal information about them on social networks such as facebook, and companies and the government are constantly viewing peoples’ activity online for a variety of reasons. The government has attempted to help the consumer regain their privacy online by passing the Consumer Internet Privacy Protection Act of 1997, although it is difficult to enforce and has become outdated with the fast-moving tendency of the constantly changing internet. Some companies including yahoo and google have come under scrutiny about violating†¦show more content†¦They also share personal information including email to several other websites, resulting in endless spam. A study was done that proved at least 45% of the top 185 most visited websites are sharing user information with another website—and often, they share with at least four other website s. On many websites, at the end of their privacy policy is a small, pre-checked box that asks the user whether this website can share your information with other websites. Many people don’t even see this box, and end up agreeing to it because it is so discreet and already checked off. Furthermore, â€Å"Online advertising is an enormous source of information collected about consumers, and serves as an important lens to focus our understanding of data collection and use.† (Harbour) These companies use text files called cookies to save the pages you visit and information you like to view, storing it right on your own computer (Lane). Most people don’t realize what types and amounts of information collected by internet businesses, or why it’s commercially valuable. Data is currency in the internet industry, and the greater amount of data, the greater potential for analysis and profit. Companies have to stop collecting so much data about their consumers, as p ersonal browsing information is private andShow MoreRelated Essay on Internet Privacy - Invasion of Privacy on the Internet964 Words   |  4 PagesInvasion of Privacy on the Internet       Invasion of privacy is a serious issue concerning the Internet, as e-mails can be read if not encrypted, and cookies can track a user and store personal information. Lack of privacy policies and employee monitoring threatens security also. Individuals should have the right to protect themselves as much as possible from privacy invasion and shouldnt have to give in to lowered standards of safety being pursued by the government.    EncryptionRead MoreInternet Privacy1375 Words   |  6 PagesA Right to Privacy? What a Joke! 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In an electronic media article â€Å"No place to hide†, written by James Norman, two interesting and debatable questions were raised: ‘Are we witnessing the erosion of the demarcation of public and private spaces brought on by the networked economy and new technology?’ Also, ‘What roles do government, industryRead MoreEssay On Internet Privacy1658 Words   |  7 PagesInternet Privacy: An introduction (Mike Campbell) A famous and often misunderstood quote from Benjamin Franklin says that those who would give up an essential liberty to purchase a small, temporary safety, deserve neither the liberty nor the safety (Wittes, 2015) . This quote is usually used in the opposite of its original intent, according to historical context (Wittes, 2015) but it’s easy to see why it may be misused. 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(www.britannica.com) 81% of Net users are concerned about threats to their privacy while online. The greatest threat to privacy comes from the construction of e-commerce alone, and not from state agents. E-commerce is structured on the copy and trade

Article Review When Sex Goes School - 1457 Words

David Miller Pacific University August 12, 2015 Book Review: When Sex Goes to School In a busy and complicated landscape of sexuality and gender, it is generally recognized that children need instruction in how to behave. Unfortunately, the way that adults wish young people to be introduced to sexuality is governed by diverse worldviews and values, and the subject is seen as so important that this disparity leaves little room for neutrality, much less reasoned compromise. In many cases, the education of children in sexuality is regarded on all sides as a life-and-death issue, involving fundamental assumptions about the role of public and private institutions and even the very stability of society, to say nothing of the potential risks to individuals. As When Sex Goes to School puts it, there is very little within the domain of American politics and the infamous â€Å"culture wars† that is not touched by or based in the realm of sexuality and gender, and sex education is an arena where each side seeks to have its values publicly established for the benefit of students. Author Kristin Luker identifies two broadly defined (and diametrically opposed) camps in modern America, which she refers to as sexual liberals and sexual conservatives. Both camps are represented by strong views about sexuality in general and children s sexuality in particular. Their beliefs are rooted in American history: the conservatives draw ideological points both from interpretations of ancientShow MoreRelatedArticle Review : When Sex Goes School1458 Words   |  6 PagesTopic: David Miller Pacific University August 12, 2015 Book Review: When Sex Goes to School In a busy and complicated landscape of sexuality and gender, it is generally recognized that children need instruction in how to behave. Unfortunately, the way that adults wish young people to be introduced to sexuality is governed by diverse worldviews and values, and the subject is seen as so important that this disparity leaves little room for neutrality, much less reasoned compromise. In many casesRead MoreCyberbullying Behaviors, By Nadine M. Connell1787 Words   |  4 PagesArticle Review In the article, â€Å"Badgrlz? Exploring Sex Differences in Cyberbullying Behaviors,† written by Nadine M. Connell1, Natalie M. Schell-Busey, Allison N. Pearce, and Pamela Negro, the topic of cyberbullying is discussed. Their research focuses on whether or not there’s a correlation between cyberbullying and gender. Research on bullying suggests that traditional bullying occurs between males and includes participation in physical acts, while females engage in more relational attacks. HoweverRead MoreLiterature Review Gay Marriage around the world is something of a controversial topic. Everyone900 Words   |  4 PagesLiterature Review Gay Marriage around the world is something of a controversial topic. Everyone has a different opinion on the rights of gay people and how exactly the matter should be addressed. Some countries have made it illegal to practice homosexuality; some even consider it punishable by death. But what do Christians around the world and specifically in South Africa think about it? Andrew Sullivan discusses the fact that younger people during our time period find homosexuality more acceptableRead MoreWhy Are Statutory Rape Laws in NC More Favorable for the Girl Rather Than the Guy?1426 Words   |  6 Pageshumbler terms it is when a male adult 18 years or older has sexual intercourse with a female who is 17 years old or younger without consent. The issue that I have seen arise a great deal of the time is that the laws in most states are sexually biased when it comes to an adult male and an underage female. In this essay I want to specifically focus on the State of North Carolina, being that I live in this state. There is more than one type of rape believe it or not. According to (Article 7A NCGA) ThereRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Rates Have Reached An All Time High1565 Words   |  7 Pagesconsequence, high schools around the country have taken a decision to step up and take an action in decreasing the rate of teen pregnancy. Becoming a parent permanently and profoundly alters a teenager s life. Most of the girls forget about their dreams of happy marriage, and become mothers at an early age. College is almost always out of the question, graduating high School becomes a goal most teenage moms do not achieve. Today, there are many types of birth control found in schools across the country;Read MorePersuasive Essay On Human Trafficking851 Words   |  4 Pagesin danger. Human trafficking is a worldwide issue that has been going on for decades, and all the issues of the trafficking would make one wonder, how can it be stopped? Human trafficking has become the modern-day slavery, it can be associa ted with sex and drugs, and it is happening with a lot of women for reasons such as technology. On January 31, 1865 the House of Representatives passed the 13th amendment, this amendment abolished slavery in the united states. To this day, the 13th amendment remindsRead MoreTitle Ix And The Law1480 Words   |  6 Pageslaw was originally to give girls the opportunity to play the same sports as boys were able to, and thanks to the law girls are now given these opportunities to play sports in addition to also give many transgender students more rights within the schools than ever before. Even with all these steps forward in society, there are still those who believe that this law has pushed society back instead. Just as this law had created more opportunities for women, it seems to have taken some away from men inRead More Sex Education in School Essay1706 Words   |  7 Pages Sex is something that almost everyone will experience before they die. It is a subject that has been debated about for years. From the debate over birth control to the outbreak of aids. With all t his history behind us, sex is becoming even more of an issue. With the new outbreaks of sexually transmitted diseases and the fact that sexually active persons are becoming younger, sex has now become a daily topic. Sex scandals in the media and talk such as who slept with who at last nights kegRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Prevention : One Of The Most Controversial Subjects875 Words   |  4 Pagesproblem is usually in the home, in the school system, and the cost of contraception and the barriers in obtaining it. The biggest predicament regarding the issue of adolescent pregnancy is the question of prevention. Preventing teen pregnancy includes problems such as the availability of birth control, sexual education among children and adolescents, and parental involvement. In the article â€Å"Preventing Unintended Pregnancy: The Contraceptive CHOICE project in Review,† written by Natalia E. Birgisson,Read MoreVideo Game Content Appropriate For The Everyday Teenager1273 Words   |  6 Pagesthis, I completely agree. 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Hydrophonics An Agricultural Advancements Free Essays

From cloned animals to herbicide-resistant seed, science-based technologies have never had a larger influence on agriculture than they are today and will likely continue to have in the future. The technological advancements in agriculture between 1960 and 1990 are often referred to as the Green Revolution. These innovations included the development and commercialization of high-yield seeds, the increased application of chemical pesticides and herbicides, and the widespread use of modern fertilizers and irrigation techniques. We will write a custom essay sample on Hydrophonics: An Agricultural Advancements or any similar topic only for you Order Now Soil Science is the natural resource science devoted to the thin layer of the earth’s lithosphere (crust) responsible for supporting life. Soil Science includes the basic biological, chemical geological and physical characteristics of the soils of the world, as well as the management of soils to produce food and protect the environment. Hydroponics from the Latin ‘water working’, is simply growing plants without soil. Hydroponics is as old as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Today this technology is widely used to grow lush, healthy indoor plants and premium grade vegetables, fruits and herbs. The physiological requirements of plants can be met without the use of soil or natural sunlight. Plants are rooted (and thus supported) in an inert medium and nutrition is provided by water soluble mineral elements. The corn borer is devastating for the farmer, costing growers more than $1 billion annually in the United States. Bt stands for Bacillus thuringiensis, which is a naturally occurring soil organism. Bacillus thuringiensis produces a powerful toxin protein that kills the European corn borer when ingested. In response to this observance, researchers modified the Bt gene that produces the protein in the organism. Then, they inserted the modified gene into corn germplasm. Scientists can even choose which part of the corn plant they want to display the Bt trait: in green tissue and pollen, or even corn leaves, sheath, stalk, ear shank, kernels and silks. As a result, the Bt gene-enhanced corn germplasm is able to kill the corn borer just as the Bacillus thuringiensis organism can. How to cite Hydrophonics: An Agricultural Advancements, Essay examples

Leadership Theory

Question: 1. How can what happened at Enron be explained by some of the theories of leadership that you have looked at? 2. In what ways does leadership influence culture? 3. What can be done to reduce the type of unethical behaviour demonstrated in this case? What are your recommendations? Answer: Introduction Leadership is an important aspect for a successful business. The business success is influenced by a sustainable and healthy culture along with a good leadership strategy adopted by an efficient leader. In every small or large organization, a well adopted leadership culture could be identified which helps to promote the organizational culture leading to a successful business. On the other hand, an inappropriate leadership style adopted by the leader or an inefficient leader could lead to the downturn movement of the business profitability and sustainability (Hargreaves Fink, 2012). Here, in this assignment, the major focus is the organization Enron Corporation which is a well known energy company and was the largest bankruptcy reorganization in American history. The organization was known to experience the largest audit failure. There were a number of pitfalls recognized in Enrons management system as well as in leadership management which contributed in the failure of the organization. It has been revealed from the case scenario of the organization that the senior management misled the board of directors and there were a number of issues in financial reporting which were not presented in front of the share holders (Gaines, 2012). Thus, it could be said that improvement in the leadership would help the organization and senior management to avoid these kinds of problems. Here, in this assignment, the major purpose is to explain the incidence of the organization Enron based on the leadership theories. In addition, how the leadership included the organizational culture would also be discussed here. Then the recommendations for reducing these kinds of unethical behavior in the workplace would be discussed in the organizational context. Comprehension The organization Enron showed both simple and complex which should be followed. The organization showed issues in leadership, organizational culture, rewards, unethical behavior and other issues. On the other hand, the complex issues include unraveling financial dealings. The Enron shareholders filed a $40 billion lawsuit after enhanced stock price of the organization (Tonge, Greer Lawton, 2003). It has been revealed that the CEO Jeffrey Skilling established a staff of executives by using the accounts loopholes and poor financial reporting. In this way, billions of dollars in debt from their failed projects and deals were hidden. The chief financial officer of the company along with the other executives misled the board of directors and audit committee of the company for regarding the high-risk accounting practices. In addition, they pressurized the audit accountancy partner to avoid these issues (Spillane, 2012). It has been revealed that various executives of Enron were charged fo r these kinds of activities. The organization showed to have individualism culture. The leadership and management culture influenced only focus upon uncontrolled pursuit of profit which thereby interfered with the ethical behavior and following ethical codes by some employees. The organizational culture showed that the senior management employed the risk taking culture in the organization and offered rewards for extra profits achieved by the employee and the staffs are encouraged to manipulate their profit estimates. The performance review committee forced the employees to be into the line by controlling them in such ways. The executives and senior management made false commitment regarding their treatment with employees (Day Antonakis, 2012). The appraisal scheme for the employees led to the promotion and bonus for the employees at the top of the organizational hierarchy and dismissal of the employees at bottom line. In this unethical way, the senior management of the organization fired 15-20 % employees having lowest performance which were replaced by the new employees and this cycle was carried throughout the successive years (Tonge, Greer Lawton, 2003). It was the major downside of Enrons business. The CEO of the company Jeff Skilling depicted that h is only priority, being the CEO of Enron is to keep the stock price up. However, from his comment, it is clear that the CEO is only concerned about the companys profit in any way which should not be the case (Dorfman et al., 2012). As a CEO, he should be responsible for empowering his subordinates with good treatment. Thus, he showed his aggressive nature which influenced his autocratic leadership nature. 1. Analysis and problem diagnosis There are various kinds of leadership theories which help the leaders to shape their leadership skills and culture under which they are going to apply the leadership strategies. Here, the situation can be explained as having a negative impact of leadership upon the employees and the organizational sustainability and growth (Alvesson, 2012). A lack of appropriate and ethical leadership has been identified in the organizational context which led the organization towards failure and bankruptcy. In this context, a number of theories can help to explain the organizational leadership and the incidences happened in Enron. Here, different kinds of leadership theories would be explored. The first theory which could be explored to explain the situation in Enron is the Behavioral theory of leadership. This theory focuses upon the behaviors of leaders. The leaders can adopt any of three types of leadership style including autocratic, democratic or laissez-faire leadership. Here, according to the argument of Shao, Feng and Liu (2012) the autocratic leaders attempt to take their decisions without taking ideas from their subordinates or without consulting with the fellow team mates. This leadership style helps to make decision within very short period of time and it helps to get successful outcomes when there is no need for inputs from the other members. In Enron, it has been seen that, the senior management team as well as the CEO of the company was following the autocratic leadership style. It has been depicted by Schaubroeck et al., (2012) that the autocratic leadership is not suitable for employees satisfaction and empowerment. It allows the employees to feel less valued which affects their performance. In the autocratic leadership, sometimes, the leaders do not allow employees to take part in organizational decisions which could enhance employees dissatisfaction. Sometimes, in autocratic leadership, the leaders force the subordinates to do some job without asking their perspectives or willingness to do the work. With this theory, the status of Enron Corporation can be discussed. In the organization, the CEO showed aggressive skills along with the individualism culture which depicts that the CEO is not involving employees in organizational decision making processes (Kabasakal et al., 2012). The CEO depicted that the rule in Calif ornia are terrible, that showed disrespect towards the national legislative framework. In spite of discussing with the subordinates about the ways to enhance their profit margin, the CEO depicted that the rules are pushed at the edge in an effort for making profit in a business. He was influencing his subordinates through these types of thought and manipulating them to gain more profit. Another theory can be useful to discuss the status of internal powers in the organization French and Ravens five forms of power theory. This theory depicts that understanding from where the power is coming in the workplace. According to the theorists, there are five bases of power in the organization. Legitimate- the power of legitimate comes from the perspective that the person has the formal right to the right to expect compliant and obedient from others. However, this power is being misused in Enron. The performance review board has been shown to force the employees to come into line which is an unethical practice (Wilderom, van den Berg Wiersma, 2012). Reward- This power is the result of individuals ability for compensating employees compliance. However, the senior management team as well as the CEO, Skilling are not compensating the compliance of the employees efforts who are at the bottom of organizational hierarchy and were showing biasness towards the employees who are at th e higher levels of organizational structure by promoting and rewarding them (Acar, 2012). Expert- This power comes from the high level of knowledge and skills of a person. In the Enrons case study, experts were not properly valued; they were only guided by the higher authorities (Reeves Ventura, 2012). Coercive- This power comes from the belief by which one can punish others for noncompliance. However, the CEO and senior management did not follow this theory. They attempted to fire 15 % employees yearly for low performance which is against the business ethics (Moynihan, Pandey Wright, 2012). In the transactional leadership theories, the value of positive and mutually beneficial relationship within the team members and leaders has been highlighted. Here, the transactional theory highlights that development of a mutual reinforcing environment can be done by rewarding employees for their excellence and improvement in performance (Steers, Sanchez-Runde Nardon, 2012). The transactional leaders are more efficient in developing mutual relationship with subordinates. 2. Theory and practice Culture of an organization can be defined as the set of perceptions, beliefs, norms and values followed in the organization. Cultural aspects are the pillar of the organization. There is a strong relationship within the leadership and organizational culture. Based on the strategies adopted by the leader, the culture is developed (Dickson et al., 2012). It is because the employees and fellow staffs would follow the direction guided by their leader. Therefore, the leadership skills and strategies would be reflected in the organizational culture. The values, beliefs, perceptions set the organizational norms which are followed by the employees. In this context, the values and norms of the leaders would be the major factor while setting the organizational norms because the employees would also reflect the cultural aspects similar to the leader (Hermalin, 2012). Thus, the leadership style and strategies are very much important in analyzing the organizational culture. The theoretical model provided by Edgar Schein revealed the relationship within organizational culture and leadership. According to the theorist, the organizational culture can be directly as well as indirectly influenced. The direct mechanism includes exemplary behavior, perception, opinion, status. On the other hand, the indirect influences include formal guidelines, organizational mission, organizational design, rituals and corporate identities (Rockstuhl et al., 2012). According to the theorist, the leadership is the source of values and beliefs and the most central issue for leaders is to understand the deeper levels of culture. There are three sources of cultures, the first one is values, beliefs and assumptions of founders, the second one is learning experience of the members and the third one is the new beliefs gained from the new members (Alvesson Spicer, 2012). Three levels of culture include artifacts, espoused beliefs and values and the basic underlying assumptions. In t his context, the leadership style of the leader would influence the assumptions of the organizational culture. In the context of Enron Corporation, the individualism culture was influenced by the autocratic leadership style adopted by the CEO Skilling and senior management. They attempted to rule and control their subordinate employees by forcing them to enter into their guided line (Slavin et al., 2012). On the other hand, the higher authority shaped the culture in such a way which promotes the unethical behaviors of the employees as well as the higher authorities. In this model, it has been depicted that the leader and the leadership culture shapes the organizational strategies, objectives and philosophies, undertaken by the organization. In this context, Skilling depicted about his noncompliance with the national business rules and from the history of the organization, the noncompliance and unethical practices of the organizational executives has been revealed which reflects about the unhealthy culture in the organization which is the reason behind the organizational failure (Erkutlu, 2012 ). 3. Recommendation There are a number of ways to reduce these kinds of unethical behavior in the organization through the improvement of leadership skills and style. The senior management and the CEO should adopt an employee friendly leadership style which will promote ethical behavior of the employees with a healthy culture in the organization. Ethical leadership is the key to socially responsible business. Thus, in this context, the following recommendations are provided. Adaption of employee-friendly leadership by the management The leaders of the company should adopt an employee-friendly leadership style. At first, the skills related to the democratic leadership should be learned and the employee friendly environment should be provided. The democratic leadership skills would promote the establishment of god relationship with the employees. The employees would be allowed to take part in the organizational decision and the employees would be felt valued and would be motivated to perform better. The democratic leadership would enhance the employees support through ethical practices in organizational performance and reward system. The transformational leadership style should be adopted by the leader for adopting change management strategies which would help to improve the situation. The major aspect which should be changed is cultural principles and morals which would be then followed by the employees. The change management is needed for improving the situation. The major goal is to include ethical environment where the employees would get job security and they would be valued as the organizational asset. In the ethical environment, no discrimination or biasness would be allowed. New and efficient management team should be appointed for reviewing the performance of employees based on which they would be rewarded without discrimination. Improved HRM department The HR department should adopt the principles of ethical leadership while managing the human resource. They should not separate ethics from day to day business and they should make the executives aware that the ethics is the way they operate their businesses. The new HR management team would review any kinds of negative interpersonal behavior which can hinder the development of trust within the employees and leader. The HRM department should be aware of the ethical and professional codes and should follow all the legislations and business rules while dealing with the employees issues. The HRM staffs would be trained in such a way that they would undertake strict action upon addressing any kinds of unethical behavior from either higher or lower level staffs, it would keep the organizational ethics high. The recruitment and termination process should be stricter. Training of staffs The training of staffs is needed to make them aware of the ethical codes and professional responsibilities. When the employees would be aware of their professional responsibilities and the ethical culture followed by the organization, there would be no chance of ethical misconduct in from the side of the employees. Whenever, the employees would feel to be valued they would attempt to follow the ethical codes in the business. For ongoing ethical journey, once-in-a-year training program should be followed. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be said that leadership is one of the key aspect in the organizational context which is important for a healthy and well-established culture in the organization. In this context, the organization, Enron Corporation shown to be the biggest bankruptcy in U.S. history. The leadership skills and management of the organization was responsible for the organizational failure. From the case scenario, the financial down turn and the related causes were analyzed. It was analyzed that the CEO, Mr. Skilling had a negative approach towards the business. He only attempted to enhance the organizational profit in spite of empowering or concerning about the employees or his subordinates. It dissatisfied the employees along with their commitments to get their target. In this assignment, leadership theories were explored and analyzed for understanding and explaining the incident in the company. Then in that theoretical context, the influence of the leadership skills upon the organ izational culture were discussed and finally suitable recommendations were provided for coping with the situation which might be undertaken for the organizational benefit. Reference List Acar, A. Z. (2012). Organizational culture, leadership styles and organizational commitment in Turkish logistics industry.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,58, 217-226. Alvesson, M. (2012).Understanding organizational culture. Sage. London Alvesson, M., Spicer, A. (2012). Critical leadership studies: The case for critical performativity.Human relations,65(3), 367-390. Day, D. V., Antonakis, J. (2012).The nature of leadership. Sage. London Dickson, M. W., Castao, N., Magomaeva, A., Den Hartog, D. N. (2012). Conceptualizing leadership across cultures.Journal of World Business,47(4), 483-492. Dorfman, P., Javidan, M., Hanges, P., Dastmalchian, A., House, R. (2012). GLOBE: A twenty year journey into the intriguing world of culture and leadership.Journal of World Business,47(4), 504-518. Erkutlu, H. (2012). The impact of organizational culture on the relationship between shared leadership and team proactivity.Team Performance Management: An International Journal,18(1/2), 102-119. Gaines, K. K. (2012).Uplifting the race: Black leadership, politics, and culture in the twentieth century. UNC Press Books. Hargreaves, A., Fink, D. (2012).Sustainable leadership(Vol. 6). John Wiley Sons. London Hermalin, B. E. (2012). Leadership and corporate culture.Handbook of organizational economics, 432-78. Kabasakal, H., Dastmalchian, A., Karacay, G., Bayraktar, S. (2012). Leadership and culture in the MENA region: An analysis of the GLOBE project.Journal of World Business,47(4), 519-529. Moynihan, D. P., Pandey, S. K., Wright, B. E. (2012). Setting the table: How transformational leadership fosters performance information use.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,22(1), 143-164. Reeves, D. B., Ventura, S. (2012). i Leadership.AGENDA. Abington Rockstuhl, T., Dulebohn, J. H., Ang, S., Shore, L. M. (2012). Leadermember exchange (LMX) and culture: A meta-analysis of correlates of LMX across 23 countries.Journal of Applied Psychology,97(6), 1097. Schaubroeck, J. M., Hannah, S. T., Avolio, B. J., Kozlowski, S. W., Lord, R. G., Trevio, L. K., ... Peng, A. C. (2012). Embedding ethical leadership within and across organization levels.Academy of Management Journal,55(5), 1053-1078. Shao, Z., Feng, Y., Liu, L. (2012). The mediating effect of organizational culture and knowledge sharing on transformational leadership and Enterprise Resource Planning systems success: An empirical study in China.Computers in Human Behavior,28(6), 2400-2413. Slavin, S. J., Schindler, D., Chibnall, J. T., Fendell, G., Shoss, M. (2012). PERMA: A model for institutional leadership and culture change.Academic Medicine,87(11), 1481. Spillane, J. P. (2012).Distributed leadership(Vol. 4). John Wiley Sons. London Steers, R. M., Sanchez-Runde, C., Nardon, L. (2012). Leadership in a global context: New directions in research and theory development.Journal of World Business,47(4), 479-482. Tonge, A., Greer, L., Lawton, A. (2003). The Enron story: you can fool some of the people some of the time.Business Ethics: A European Review,12(1), 4-22. Wilderom, C. P., van den Berg, P. T., Wiersma, U. J. (2012). A longitudinal study of the effects of charismatic leadership and organizational culture on objective and perceived corporate performance.The Leadership Quarterly,23(5), 835-848.